It is widely known that the earnings of workers without college degrees have stagnated in recent years and employment rates, especially among men, have strongly declined (Groshen and Holzer, 2021; Reeves, 2021). The recent Covid-19 pandemic and recession exacerbated earnings and employment gaps by race/gender and education, and also generated millions more displaced workers (Hershbein and Holzer, 2021); and automation in the job market will no doubt create many more displaced workers over time. The “Great Resignation” of workers from many low-wage jobs also demonstrates a need for successful post-secondary education or training, so that earnings and upward mobility prospects among those with lower levels of education can rise.
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